Technological Gaps and Sustainability in Maritime Transportation (2000–2023): An Analysis Using the SFA-Based Metafrontier Approach

This study analyzed the technology gap of the world’s main ports during the period 2013–2023 using the Metafrontier approach with a Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) framework. The dependent variable was the volume of TEUs handled, while independent variables included investment in infrastructure, number of workers, CO₂ emissions, and the implementation of port sustainability strategies. The results revealed significant differences across clusters: leading Asian ports such as Singapore, Shanghai, Ningbo-Zhoushan, and Busan achieved optimal metafrontier efficiency and eliminated technological gaps, highlighting the importance of sustainable practices, infrastructure modernization, and operational efficiency. In contrast, clusters composed of emerging market ports exhibited lower efficiency levels and larger technological gaps, mainly due to insufficient investments in green infrastructure and weak sustainability strategies. This underscores the need for integrated public policies that promote technological upgrading, environmental responsibility, and workforce development. Studies like this are highly relevant, providing empirical evidence that can guide port authorities and policymakers toward improving global port competitiveness under sustainability frameworks.