Quadratic Convective Flow of Cu-Water Nanofluid in a Porous Enclosure with Quadratic Thermal Radiation

This study presents a numerical simulation of Cu-water nanofluid flow within a porous enclosure, considering the effects of quadratic convection and quadratic thermal radiation. The numerical analysis examined the influence of key dimensionless parameters, including the nanoparticle concentration, thermal radiation, and convection characteristics. By utilizing the Finite Element Method (FEM), the governing nonlinear partial differential equations were solved, providing critical insights into the heat transfer and flow behaviour within the enclosure. Graphical analyses illustrated the impact of Cu-water nanofluid properties on the velocity, temperature, and heat flow pattern in the porous medium, highlighting the enhanced thermal performance owing to the quadratic radiation and convection effects. This study underscores the potential of Cu-water nanofluids for improved thermal management in porous enclosures.