Assessment of Plant Phytotoxicity from Fireworks Chemicals and Monoammonium Phosphate for Environmentally Safe Land Disposal

This research focuses on the safe land disposal of fireworks waste by combining fireworks chemicals with Mono Ammonium Phosphate (MAP). MAP is commonly used as a fertilizer in agriculture and also functions as a fire-extinguishing agent. Previous studies have examined the flammability of fireworks chemicals mixed with MAP through tests such as open burning, impact sensitivity, friction sensitivity, and layer ignition temperature. However, those studies did not include phytotoxicity assessments of the land used for fireworks waste disposal. Phytotoxicity studies are essential to ensure the protection of soil and plant health in areas where fireworks waste is disposed of. In this study, various compositions of fireworks chemicals were tested to evaluate their effects on plants through assessments including seed germination, plant growth, number of leaves, branches, flowers, and fruits, as well as chlorophyll and carotenoid content. Additionally, soil parameters such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) content, electrical conductivity, and pH were measured. The plant toxicity tests revealed that plants could grow in soil containing up to 5 grams of flash and gunpowder-based fireworks chemicals, provided that essential nutrient levels are maintained. These results suggest that fireworks waste can be safely disposed of through land application, and that plants can grow on such land without negatively affecting soil quality—supporting an environmentally friendly disposal method.