Physical experiments demonstrate that four fundamental laws of electromagnetism have counterexamples

The validity of the Ampère force law which states that a current-carrying conductor experiences a force in a magnetic field, the validity of the Faraday's law of motional electromotive force which states that a conductor cutting through magnetic field lines generates an electromotive force, the validity of the Oersted's law of electromagnetism which states that a current-carrying conductor generates a circular magnetic field surrounding the conductor, and the validity of the Lorentz force law which states that a moving independent charge experiences a force in a magnetic field were all tested using physical experiments. It was discovered that all these four fundamental laws of electromagnetism have physical experiment counterexamples and none of them hold true. That is, the whole of a closed loop is the minimum physical unit required to achieve an electromagnetic phenomenon, any part of this minimum physical unit is incapable of achieving any electromagnetic phenomenon, that is, a conductor segment Δl, a differential conductor segment dl, a current element Idl, or a moving independent charge (/charge beam) cannot achieve any electromagnetic phenomenon. The electromagnetic phenomena, such as the so-called Ampère force, the so-called motional electromotive force, the so-called Oersted's magnetic field and the so-called Lorentz force, are all achieved by the whole of a closed loop with a change in magnetic flux (/in magnetic induction intensity) within the closed loop. For the so-called Lorentz force, the closed loop is consisting of the current beam of moving independent charges and displacement currents.