Optimizing liquid hydrogen transport and trade through a hub-and-spoke model

This work explores the potential of transforming a port into a hydrogen hub within a regional trade network using a cost optimization model. With the global push toward clean energy, ports can play a key role in hydrogen distribution across countries. We propose a “hub and spoke” logistics model where liquid hydrogen (LH₂) is imported from a producer nation and redistributed to neighbouring countries. The presented model is built using mixed integer linear programming (MILP) and tested through a real-world case study: Australia as the hydrogen exporter, Singapore as the central hub, and Malaysia and Indonesia as regional importers. To ensure broad applicability, the model evaluates four ship capacities—70,000 m³, 140,000 m³, 280,000 m³, and 420,000 m³—reflecting different cost and scale scenarios. A total of 1,539 demand combinations are analysed to reflect varying future market conditions. Results indicate that Singapore holds strong potential to serve as a hydrogen trade hub, with possible cost savings of up to 55% and an average reduction of 24% across scenarios. These findings highlight the strategic importance of maritime infrastructure and regional planning in the hydrogen economy, positioning key ports like Singapore at the centre of future energy logistics.