RNA Sequence Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes in Left Atrial Appendage Thrombus

Background Cardioembolic stroke is a major complication of atrial fibrillation (AF). We investigated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the left atrial appendage (LAA) with and without LAA thrombus (LAAT) using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Methods LAA tissue samples were obtained during cardiac surgery. We analyzed samples with LAAT (n = 6) and without LAAT (n = 5). Differential gene expression analysis was conducted to identify significantly altered genes. Results RNA-seq identified 27 differentially expressed genes (false discovery rate < 0.05, |fold change| > 2). Among these, four DEGs— DIRAS3 , CYP26B1 , PRG4 , and ITLN —exhibited particularly large fold changes. Protein-protein interaction network analysis revealed two hub genes, FKBP5 and TUBA3D , based on degree (≥ 30) and betweenness centrality (≥ 3000). Quantitative PCR confirmed consistent expression patterns for these genes. Furthermore, consistent results were obtained in another independent set (10 cases with LAAT and 10 cases without LAAT). Linear regression analysis, adjusted for age and gender, showed that DIRAS3 expression was significantly associated with both fibrosis ratio (β = 2.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.22–5.75, p  = 0.034) and NT-proBNP levels (β = 373, 95% CI 238–574, p  = 5.71E-08). Additionally, CYP26B1 and TUBA3D expression levels were significantly associated with NT-proBNP (β = 349, 95% CI 23.8–674, p  = 0.036; β = -140, 95% CI -272 to -8.81, p  = 0.038, respectively) . Conclusions We identified candidate genes potentially involved in LAAT in AF patients through RNA-seq analysis. These findings may elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying LAAT pathogenesis.