Isolation of small extracellular vesicles from biofluids using immunoaffinity nanodiamonds

Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are nanoscale vesicles derived from cells, known for their ability to transport a diverse array of biomolecules from their parent cells. These vesicles play a pivotal role in intercellular communication and are involved in various physiological and pathological processes. sEVs offer several advantages, including excellent biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and widespread biodistribution. With growing insights into their biological functions, numerous strategies have emerged for leveraging sEVs in disease diagnosis and therapy. Despite this potential, standard methods for isolating sEVs from biofluids remain incompatible with routine research and clinical workflows, limiting their broader biomedical application. In this study, we present a simple and efficient immunoaffinity-based platform using nanodiamonds to isolate sEVs from a range of biological fluids. The separation efficiency was assessed using fluorescently labeled sEVs, achieving recovery rates greater than 90%. Our nanodiamond-based approach, named ExoFortius, provides a scalable, accessible, and cost-effective solution for high-yield sEV isolation. This method enables rapid, consistent, and high-purity enrichment of sEVs directly from complex biofluids. By introducing ExoFortius, this study offers a novel technological advancement aimed at accelerating sEV-related research and expanding their utility in translational medicine for both diagnostic and therapeutic applications.