The relationship between sleep disorders and the risk of colorectal cancer among United States adults in the NHANES from 2005 to 2016

Introduction Sleep disorders (SD) may disrupt immune function and hormonal balance, potentially increasing colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. However, the specific relationship between SD and CRC remains underexplored in large-scale studies. This study investigates this relationship using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Methods Participants from NHANES (2005–2016) were included, with 30,755 subjects after exclusions. Baseline statistics were detailed in tables. Three multivariate generalized linear models (GLMs) were constructed: an unadjusted model, a minimally adjusted model (for age, race, and gender), and a fully adjusted model (including additional covariates like smoking and comorbidities). Stratified analyses and ROC/smoothing curves were used to explore the impact of SD and other covariates on CRC. Results The study included 30,755 subjects (30,528 controls, 227 CRC cases). Significant differences were observed in SD, age, race, smoking, and comorbidities between groups. SD was consistently associated with CRC across models: Model 1 [Odds ratios (OR) = 2.17, 95% confidence intervals (CI):1.63–2.88, P = 4.40E-07, Model 2 (OR = 1.80, 95% CI:1.36–2.39, P = 7.72E-05), and Model 3 (OR = 1.53, 95% CI:1.15–2.03, P = 3.73E-03). Risk stratification confirmed SD as a CRC risk factor (OR = 1.53, 95% CI:1.15–2.03, P < 0.01). The ROC curve [Area Under the Curve(AUC) = 0.87%] and smoothing curves showed a positive correlation between SD and CRC incidence. Conclusion This study confirms a significant correlation between SD and CRC, identifying SD as a risk factor for CRC. It underscores the importance of monitoring and managing CRC risk in patients with SD.