Optimizing Bamboo Bending: A Fractional Maxwell Model Analysis of Creep, Relaxation, and Mechanical Performance Under Hydrohermal Treatment

As a promising construction material combining high strength with renewability, bamboo’s natural form restricts its applications. While thermal bending enhances versatility, it alters mechanical performance. This study examines how liquid-water heating and temperature influence rheological and mechanical behavior, particularly creep, relaxation, and flexural properties. Key insights reveal: immersion heating reduces Tg to 38°C via aqueous plasticization; density increases up to 45% through hydrothermal absorption; temperature-dependent MOR reductions (≤ 30%); 40% stiffness loss coupled with 70% ductility gain, optimizing bendability; water-heated bamboo exhibited lower creep than control samples; The relaxation modulus decreases with heating temperature, asymptotically around 90°C. The fractional Maxwell model effectively quantified creep and relaxation behavior. Model parameter analysis revealed that water heating enhances ductility at the expense of strength. This approach provides an alternative framework for analyzing and optimizing bamboo bending parameters.