Prevalence and Factors Associated with Depression among Postgraduate Students in Dar- es-Salaam, Tanzania: A Case Study of Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences

Background Depression is a growing global health concern characterized by hopelessness, disinterest in previously enjoyable activities, and potentially suicidal thoughts. Postgraduate university students face a particularly high risk due to the challenges of balancing academics, family responsibilities, and financial pressures. This study investigated depression factors among postgraduate students at Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, addressing a critical need given this population's unique stressors. Methods This cross-sectional study included 377 participants selected through stratified random sampling. Data collection utilized a self-administered questionnaire featuring the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) depression scale and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Analysis was performed using Stata 18, with descriptive statistics and logistic regression employed to identify depression-related factors. Results Among the respondents, 90 (23.9%) had probable depression, and multivariable logistic regression revealed several factors that independently had an association with depression. Those who consumed alcohol were twice as likely to experience depression compared to non-drinkers [Adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.13, 95%CI (0.91–3.46)], while students who never engaged in physical exercise faced three times higher risk than those exercising regularly [aOR = 3.09, 95%CI (1.48–6.49)]. Financial challenges nearly tripled depression likelihood [aOR = 2.86, 95%CI (1.57–5.22)], and notably, students with low social support were seven times more likely to be depressed than those with high support [aOR = 7.55, 95%CI (3.64–15.69)]. Conclusion Nearly one in four postgraduate students exhibited probable depression. Physical inactivity, alcohol consumption, and financial difficulties significantly increased depression risk, while strong social support served as protection. This study recommends promoting regular physical activity, limiting alcohol use among postgraduate students in Tanzania and other similar contexts. Clinical trial number: Not applicable