Improving Solar Cell Performance with TiO₂/PVA Nanocoating and Natural Dyes from Acacia and Spirulina

Crystalline silicon solar cells are considered one of the most prominent and widely adopted technologies for harnessing solar energy due to their high efficiency and widespread availability. However, despite their effectiveness, these cells are plagued by a significant challenge: high light reflection. This reflection causes about 30% energy loss, significantly reducing the efficiency of silicon solar cells.The reflective losses are particularly pronounced at certain wavelengths of light, where a substantial portion of the incident solar radiation is not absorbed but instead reflected away from the surface of the solar cell. As a result, the solar cells are unable to convert all the available solar energy into usable electrical power. In this study, we aim to address the issue of light reflection by exploring innovative solutions that enhance the absorption capabilities of crystalline silicon solar cells. Specifically, we propose the application of thin layers of nanomaterials, specifically titanium dioxide (TiO₂) combined with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), which are known for their high light scattering and absorption properties. These nanomaterial coatings are intended to reduce light reflection, thereby increasing the amount of light that penetrates into the solar cell. Furthermore, we incorporate natural dyes extracted from Acacia leaves and Spirulina algae, which are rich in organic compounds that have shown promise in enhancing the light absorption properties of various materials. The natural dyes not only contribute to improving the efficiency of light absorption across different regions of the solar spectrum but also serve as environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic dyes. By applying these nanomaterial coatings along with the natural dyes, the primary objective of this research is to create a more efficient solar cell that maximizes light absorption and minimizes reflection, ultimately boosting the overall performance of the cell. Through this approach, we hope to contribute to the advancement of solar technology by providing a cost-effective and sustainable method for enhancing the energy conversion efficiency of crystalline silicon solar cells, potentially paving the way for more effective and environmentally conscious solar energy solutions.