Diverse Fabrication Routs for Sulphur-Assisted Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Contaminants Degradation Through Solar Energy

Advanced industrialization and globalization have conduct to extensive energy and pollution emergencies, demanding the growth for novel solutions. The release of fabricated dyes as an industrial wastage emerged as a worldwide challenge. Significant amounts are discharged in wastewater annually, poising significant risks owing to harmful toxic effects. Semiconductor’s materials have emerged as a sustainable and green remediation solution. Among various materials, graphitic carbon nitride stands out as an extensively investigated material due to ease fabricated and low cost. Here in this study, graphitic carbon nitride with sulphur assistance, its fabrication routes (i.e., thermal polymerization, sonication, chemically oxidation, and step wise thermal polymerization), characterizations, and photocatalytic performance for methyl blue treatment are reported. Exhibited 2.79 eV, 2.72 eV, 2.82 eV, and 2.56 eV band gap energies with 55%, 67%, 70%, 75%, and 99.5% pollutants degradation activity achieved. The chemically oxidation route attributed higher photocatalytic activity (99.5%, in 50 mins) with the reaction rate constant (K = 0.069). The aforementioned results and measurements are supported by UV–vis diffuse reflectance, signifying bandgap energy, XRD for structural and SEM for morphological and EDX for elemental qualitative analysis. The chemical oxidation route demonstrates an excellent method for sulfur-assisted graphitic carbon nitride synthesis. This novel route will advance the scientific community in the fabrication process.