Molecular analysis confirms the invasion of Amanita muscaria in native Nothofagus forests from Patagonia, Argentina

Amanita muscaria , an ectomycorrhizal fungus native to the Northern Hemisphere, has been presumably introduced to Patagonia via exotic pine plantations. Recent findings confirm its presence in pure Nothofagus forests within several National Parks. Morphological and molecular analyses verified its association with N. dombeyi and N. pumilio , showing its capacity to invade native tree roots. Although its distribution in Nothofagus forests is still limited to small patches, its expansion could threaten the biodiversity in protected areas and other native forests of high landscape, ecological and economic value in Argentine Patagonia. Early detection and management strategies, critical to mitigate its spread, are discussed.