Utilizing Nano-TiO2 and GGBS to Improve Concrete's Acid Resistance and Durability

Concrete is a widely used material in construction, but it is susceptible to deterioration when exposed to acidic environments. This can lead to significant structural damage and costly repairs. This study investigated the durability and strength characteristics of M40 and M50 grade concrete with the incorporation of 1% titanium dioxide (TiO₂) and 30% ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). The performance of this modified concrete was assessed through various tests, including acid resistance and rapid chloride penetration test (RCPT). The acid resistance test evaluated the effects of exposure to 5% sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and sodium sulphate (Na₂SO₄) over 28, 90, and 180 days. The results indicated that the modified concrete exhibited lower weight loss and higher residual compressive strength compared to conventional concrete. The acid durability factor calculations confirmed that the modified concrete mix demonstrated superior resistance to aggressive chemical environments. The Rapid Chloride Penetration Test (RCPT) measured the total charge passed through concrete specimens to assess chloride ion permeability. The modified concrete showed a significant reduction in chloride penetration, with around (50-60) % lower permeability for M40 and (40-50) % for M50 compared to the control mix, classifying it within the "very low" permeability category.