Characterization of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Drinking Water Using Advanced Analytical Techniques

This study aims to explore the extent to which Bisphenol A (BPA) and Nonylphenol (NP) contaminate urban water supplies as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). It discusses the concentration of these contaminants in urban and rural water systems, their sources, and green extraction methods for detecting these pollutants. It emphasizes that the rising concentration of EDCs in urban water supplies poses serious health risks to both humans and the environment, stemming from industrial waste infiltrating water supplies. This pollution necessitates the development of advanced monitoring technologies and stringent regulatory measures. The researchers employed analytical methods that utilized small amounts of solvent while still providing high analytical accuracy to conduct environmentally responsible water testing in rural and urban areas. The results indicated that levels of BPA and NP in urban water systems had increased dramatically due to the patterns of industrial runoff and wastewater discharge. Environmentally friendly extraction techniques yielded positive impacts on analysis and sustainability. The study also calls for further research on the persistence of EDCs in the environment and their accumulation in various environmental media. Moreover, other emerging chemicals (phthalates, perfluoroalkyl substances) need investigation. The paper places great emphasis on the necessity of continued long-term monitoring to ensure water quality and public health are upheld.