Determinants of Uptake of Childhood Immunization in Gboko, Benue State, Nigeria: A Cross–Sectional Study

Background Immunization is among the most impactful, effective, and money-saving public health interventions for preventing deaths and illnesses associated with several childhood infectious diseases worldwide. Given the protective effect of immunization and the observed low immunization coverage in Nigeria, it is essential to evaluate immunization coverage and identify factors influencing its uptake in this region. This study examined the determinants of childhood immunization in Gboko, Benue State, Nigeria. Methods This community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in Gboko between June and August 2024 among 446 mothers and caregivers of children aged 12–23 months. Participants were recruited via a multistage sampling technique, and data were collected through an interviewer-administered questionnaire. The descriptive and inferential data (binary and multivariate logistic regression) were analysed via SPSS version 25. Results Among the children who participated in the study, 68.4% were fully immunized, 19.7% were partially immunized, and 11.9% had zero doses. The middle or rich wealth index was a significant factor associated with immunization uptake. The presence of vaccines and payment before immunization are important predictors of mothers/caregivers initiating and completing immunization for their children. Conclusion Despite improvements in immunization uptake, full coverage has remained below the WHO targets for districts, citing a lack of vaccines, forgetfulness, no apparent reason, the child’s reaction, and a lack of funds as notable reasons. Strengthening the health system and prioritizing women's empowerment will strategically enhance and improve the uptake and completion of immunization