Methods for understanding complex food systems: A systematic review and methods map
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Food systems have become central to achieving numerous global goals, yet the approaches by which we ascertain their outcomes are varied and evolving. To address this, we systematically reviewed and mapped methods used for understanding complex food systems, analysing the scope, characteristics, and combination of these approaches, and possible ways forward. We screened 9,684 records, and coded, mapped and analysed 125 unique records, including an Evidence and Gap Map (EGM). We find that there is a wide range of methods used to assess complex food systems. The majority of studies focused on food supply chains in high-income countries and descriptive analysis, with sustainability and environmental impact as most common topics. Studies primarily emphasized environmental and economic outcomes, with fewer studies examining food security, social equity, or nutrition and health. Interactions between food systems and human, social, and climate issues were less emphasized. Research has largely been quantitative, with varied use of qualitative and mixed methods. There was no clear correlation between the types or combination of methods used and the types or complexity of food system domains studied. We recommend considering approaches that embrace complexity, as well as testing new interdisciplinary and integrated approaches.
