Depression and Anxiety among Adults in Kuwait: A Cross-Sectional Study on the Role of Air Pollution

Background The increasing global prevalence of mental health problems such as depression and anxiety has inspired further research into environmental risk factors, including air pollution. Particulate matter (PM), primarily PM2.5 and PM10, has been related to neuroinflammation, hormone changes, and changes in brain structure, all of which may have an effect on mental health. However, data from the Middle East are still sparse. Aim This study explored the association between exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 and the prevalence of depression and anxiety among adults living in six urban areas in Kuwait. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out to evaluate mental health using the DASS-21, a validated online questionnaire. PM concentrations were collected during a 22-month period (January 2022 to October 2023). Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and multivariable logistic regression were used to investigate relationships after adjusting for demographic and lifestyle characteristics. Results Among the 640 individuals, 82.8% reported depression and 87.3% anxiety. The risk of depression was considerably raised by exposure to harmful levels of PM2.5 and PM10 (OR = 1.7 and 2.9, respectively). The odds of depression were higher for men (OR = 2.8) and married people (OR = 2.2). Living alone or with others raised the risk of anxiety (OR = 3.3) and depression (OR = 3.1). The risk for both outcomes was doubled by stressful life events. Self-employed or part-time workers (OR = 5.3) and smokers (OR = 4.5) were more likely to experience anxiety. Conclusion This study focuses on the mental health concerns posed by air pollution in Kuwait. It is crucial to address air quality through public health integration, urban planning, and environmental policy. To demonstrate causation and targeted interventions, longitudinal research is needed.