Epidemiology of Spontaneous Abortion in Iran: A Comprehensive Analysis of Demographic, Socioeconomic, Fertility, Clinical Characteristics, and Lifestyle Factors

Objective This study aims to investigate the epidemiology of spontaneous abortion (SA) and its associations with various factors, including demographic, socioeconomic, fertility, clinical, and lifestyle variables among women in Isfahan Province, Iran. The objective is to provide evidence to help policymakers design targeted public health interventions to improve reproductive health outcomes. Methods A descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2023 to May 2024, recruiting 3,000 women aged 15–55 years through multistage cluster sampling from 150 health facilities in Isfahan. Data on demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status (SES), fertility (e.g., maternal history of stillbirth), clinical markers (e.g., hemoglobin levels), and certain lifestyle risk factors (e.g., mobile phone use, consumption of fast food and canned food) were collected through structured interviews. Chi-square tests, independent samples t-tests, and univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to determine significant risk factors for SA. Results Lifetime SA prevalence was 19.3%. Maternal age increased SA odds by 5.6% per year (AOR = 1.056, 95% CI: 1.040–1.072). Middle SES reduced odds by 29.8% (AOR = 0.702, 95% CI: 0.500–0.985) and high SES by 39.0% (AOR = 0.610, 95% CI: 0.415–0.895) compared to low SES. First-degree consanguinity increased odds by 28% (AOR = 1.28, 95% CI: 0.98–1.66). Monthly canned food consumption lowered odds by 22.6% (AOR = 0.774, 95% CI: 0.597–1.004), while weekly fast food intake increased odds by 34.6% (AOR = 1.346, 95% CI: 0.947–1.914). Mobile phone use and clinical markers showed no strong associations. Conclusion Maternal age, socioeconomic status, and consanguinity are key factors in spontaneous abortion. Interventions targeting healthcare access and genetic counseling, alongside further exploration of lifestyle impacts, are warranted.