Impact of Measles Vaccination on Five-Year (2019–2023) Trends in Measles Surveillance Data in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria: Key Lessons Learned

Background Nigeria has one of the highest measles incidence rates globally, with more than 28,000 cases reported in 2019. While global measles-related deaths have decreased by approximately 60%, Nigeria continues to face significant outbreaks, particularly among children under five years of age. The measles vaccine has played a critical role in combating vaccine-preventable diseases, delivered through routine immunization programs and mass vaccination campaigns. Method Surveillance data from the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) of Abuja between 2019 and 2023 recorded 447 suspected measles cases. Laboratory testing confirmed 170 (38%) as true measles cases, identified through measles antibody (IgM) detection, clinical compatibility, or epidemiological linkage. Analysis conducted using MS Excel 2010 revealed a declining trend in measles incidence, with a notable spike in 2022, though still below the peak observed in 2019. Results Nationally, measles vaccination coverage remains suboptimal, with just over 50% of children receiving the vaccine, and even lower rates in conflict-affected regions. In 2019, a mass vaccination campaign targeted over 22.2 million children aged 9 to 59 months. Despite these efforts, as of May 2024, 5,645 confirmed measles cases were reported, including 39 deaths (case fatality rate = 0.69%). Notably, 72% of these cases occurred in individuals who had not received any doses of the measles vaccine. Conclusion The persistent incidence of measles highlights the urgent need for improved vaccination strategies, particularly in underserved areas. Strengthening routine immunization programs, expanding mass vaccination campaigns, and enhancing laboratory diagnostic capabilities are essential steps toward achieving measles control in Nigeria.