Effect of Ground Coffee Beans Extract on the Histological Structures of Alloxan Induced Diabetes Female Albino Rats

Background: Diabetes mellitus induces pathological alterations in vital organs, necessitating exploration of novel therapeutic agents. This study investigated the histoprotective effects of green coffee bean extract (GCBE) compared to metformin in alloxan-induced diabetic rats, focusing on hepatic, cardiac, and renal tissues. Methods: Thirty (30) female albino rats (125±5 g) were acclimatized for three weeks and randomly allocated into five groups of rats each: Group 1 (non-diabetic control); Group 2 (diabetic control, 120mg/kg alloxan); Groups 3–4 (alloxan + GCBE at 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg, respectively); Group 5 (alloxan + 50mg/kg metformin). Treatments were administered orally for six weeks. Histopathological examination of the heart, kidney and liver were carried out using standard protocols. Results: Histopathological analysis revealed dose-dependent amelioration of diabetes-induced tissue damage. The 400mg/kg GCBE group exhibited significant organoprotective effects, including reduced glomerulosclerosis in kidneys (p < 0.05), diminished myocardial fibrosis in cardiac tissue, and attenuated hepatic steatosis. In contrast, 200mg/kg GCBE showed limited efficacy, with persistent pancreatic β-cell degeneration. Metformin demonstrated selective renoprotection but minimal effects on cardiac and hepatic histoarchitecture. Quantitative analysis of histological scoring confirmed 400mg/kg GCBE’s superiority in preserving tissue integrity (kidney: 1.2±0.3 vs. diabetic control 3.8±0.5; liver: 1.5±0.4 vs. 4.1±0.6). Conclusion: These findings suggest that phytochemical constituents in GCBE, particularly chlorogenic acids, may mitigate oxidative stress and inflammation underlying diabetic complications. The study underscores GCBE’s potential as an adjuvant therapy for diabetes-associated organ damage, with 400mg/kg emerging as the optimal neuroprotective dose. Further clinical investigations are warranted to validate these preclinical results and elucidate molecular mechanisms.