Rattle Drum Inspired Triboelectric Nanogenerator Achieving a Record Triboelectric Surface Density of 2.76 cm<-1sup>

Densifying triboelectric layers benefits triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) by boosting output, improving spatial utilization, and reducing costs. However, limited displacement amplitude hinders electron movement within dense layers, capping further output enhancement. Inspired by the angular momentum balance of the rattle drum, a charge dispatch strategy is developed. It allows electrons to shuttle through additional electrode channels while acquiring drastic potential changes, yielding over 6x output versus traditional models. Further innovations, including laser etching and the contact push pins method, raise the triboelectric surface density (TSD) to a record 2.76 cm<-1sup> (dimension L<-1sup>). The operating mechanism of the proposed rattle drum inspired TENG (RD-TENG) was systematically investigated and optimized. Furthermore, RD-TENG can capture weak wave energy when equipped with a novel magnetic repulsion pendulum, thereby converting high-torque, low-amplitude water wave motion into low-torque, high-amplitude swinging. It boosts motion amplitude and output by 558% and 1662%, respectively, achieving scenario adaptability expansion. This study presents a strategy to further elevate the TSD and a new pathway to enhance TENG output.