The spatial layout, influencing factors, and models of new retail in first tier cities in China

With the rapid development of the internet economy, consumer behavior has undergone significant transformations, particularly in the adoption of instant and convenient shopping methods. This shift has catalyzed the emergence of novel retail formats, which are increasingly becoming integral to urban lifestyles. The spatial arrangement and locational strategies of these retail formats play a pivotal role in shaping the urban commercial landscape. This study investigates the spatial distribution patterns and determinants of new retail formats, focusing on branded convenience stores across four major Chinese cities—Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen. Utilizing Point of Interest (POI) data and grounded in the theoretical framework of commercial spatial distribution, the research constructs spatial models for new retail formats. The findings reveal several key insights: (1) New retail formats in these cities demonstrate distinct directional clustering tendencies, with the intensity of agglomeration descending in the order of Guangzhou > Shanghai > Beijing > Shenzhen. Among the branded convenience stores, local and Japanese convenience stores exhibit the highest clustering, followed by e-commerce convenience stores, and then petrol station and highway convenience stores. (2) While significant spatial differentiation exists among branded convenience stores across the four cities, common distribution preferences are evident, particularly in their proximity to residential areas, transportation hubs, and governmental institutions. (3) The spatial distribution of new retail formats is strongly influenced by regional economic development levels and the foundational maturity of the retail sector, with distinct site selection preferences observed across different retail types. (4) Based on the spatial characteristics identified, four developmental models for new retail formats are proposed: the "Concentric Circle Layout Model," the "Satellite Cluster Layout Model," the "Point-Axis Layout Model," and the "Living Circle Layout Model." These models provide a structured approach to understanding and planning the spatial organization of new retail in urban environments.