Recent Advances in Biochemical and Physiological Factors Influencing Rhizobia-Legume Symbiosis

The symbiosis between legumes and Rhizobia, though involving complex molecular interactions, is critical for biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). This review synthesizes recent advances in understanding biochemical and physiological factors driving Rhizobia-legume interactions. Key findings highlight the regulatory roles of flavonoids, phytohormones (e.g., auxins, cytokinins, jasmonic acid), and Rhizobial nodulation factors in initiating and sustaining symbiosis. The study also identifies emerging areas requiring further exploration, such as the interactions of gibberellins and strigolactones. By integrating 127 publications, this work underscores the potential of leveraging these insights to enhance crop productivity and sustainability, particularly in legume-based cropping systems. These findings provide a foundation for optimizing legume-Rhizobia symbioses in diverse agricultural and ecological contexts.