Gendered barriers faced by food vendors in providing low-income consumers with safe, affordable and nutritious foods: evidence from urban markets in Kenya and Uganda

Food vendors play a crucial role in providing affordable and nutritious foods to low-income consumers in African cities. However, they face persistent gender-related barriers that limit their efficiency, particularly in informal settlements. Despite previous gender-responsive policies, these challenges remain. This study examined gender-based barriers and potential solutions for food vendors in Nairobi and Kampala using a qualitative approach. Data were collected through 20 Focus Group Discussions (10 per country) and key informant interviews with market officials, local administrators, enforcement authorities, and government departments. Naila Kabeer’s Social Relations Approach, focusing on institutional analysis and cause-and-effect concepts, was used to analyse the findings. Results indicate that market infrastructure and enforcement mechanisms often reinforce gender-neutral but inequitable practices. Unequal access to financial resources affects male and female traders differently, with women disproportionately disadvantaged due to limited asset ownership, which restricts loan collateral access. Gender-insensitive market laws, particularly in licensing and credit access, further these disparities. Societal norms also place additional burdens on women, limiting their competitiveness by requiring them to balance market and household responsibilities. The study recommends improved market infrastructure, including sanitation facilities and nursing areas, to support female traders. Gender-responsive laws and fair enforcement mechanisms are essential to prevent discrimination. Lastly, sensitization efforts are needed to challenge restrictive gender norms and promote equitable market participation for both men and women.