A Comprehensive Review of Dry Eye Disease: Recent Advances and Future Directions

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Abstract

Dry Eye Disease (DED) is a multifactorial ocular condition characterized by tear film instability, hyperosmolarity, inflammation, and neurosensory abnormalities. DED impacts millions worldwide, leading to symptoms such as irritation, dryness, and visual disturbances. In recent years, advances in diagnostics, treatment modalities, and understanding of DED pathophysiology have transformed its clinical management. This review examines the current evidence (2022–2024), with a focus on etiology, diagnostic tools, and emerging therapeutic options, while highlighting knowledge gaps and outlining future research directions.

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