An in vitro study on the remineralization effects of Er,Cr:YSGG laser combined with Duraphat on enamel

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the synergistic effects of Er,Cr:YSGG laser and Duraphat on the remineralization of demineralized enamel in vitro. The study further compared the combined treatment with the individual effects of the laser and Duraphat, providing a theoretical foundation and technical insights for early caries management. Methods: A randomized controlled study was conducted, involving 50 extracted teeth assigned to four groups: control, laser only, Duraphat only, and a combination of laser and Duraphat. Following standardized demineralization protocols, samples underwent respective remineralization treatments. The mineralization level was quantified using a DIAGNOdent pen, and enamel surface microstructural changes were assessed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and paired-sample t-tests, with statistical significance set at P < 0.05. Results: The laser and Duraphat combination group exhibited the most pronounced remineralization effects, as indicated by a significant reduction in DIAGNOdent values ( P < 0.05), outperforming both the laser-only and Duraphat-only groups. SEM analysis demonstrated uniform and dense crystal deposition on the enamel surface, nearly sealing demineralized pores. In contrast, the Duraphat group showed surface-concentrated crystal deposition with limited depth, while the laser group primarily improved enamel surface microstructure without significantly increasing mineralization depth. No notable changes were observed in the control group. Conclusion: The combination of Er,Cr:YSGG laser and Duraphat significantly enhances remineralization by optimizing enamel microstructure and improving fluoride penetration depth and mineralization efficiency, surpassing the efficacy of individual treatments.