The Socio-Cultural Contexts of Women's Sexual and Reproductive Health Literacy in Iran: A Qualitative Study

Background and Objective: This study aimed to explore the socio-cultural contexts of women's sexual and reproductive health literacy in Kurdistan, Iran. Methods: In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 women aged 18 to 45 who visited selected clinics in Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran. Participants were recruited through purposive sampling between April 20 and November 16, 2024. The qualitative data were analyzed using directed qualitative content analysis based on the model proposed by Hsieh & Shannon (2005) and processed using MAXQDA software, version 22. Findings: The socio-cultural context of women's sexual and reproductive health literacy was extracted into three main categories: customs and traditions, socio-cultural norms and beliefs, and economic conditions. Customs and traditions, including marriage-related customs, the importance of virginity, female genital mutilation, gender roles, and sexual relations restrictions during mourning periods, influence sexual and reproductive health literacy by shaping traditional norms, imposing behavioral constraints, and enforcing social obligations. Socio-cultural norms and beliefs, including gender beliefs, perceptions of sexual behavior, and social contexts, play a role in shaping individuals' perspectives on sexual and reproductive topics, their willingness to discuss these issues and their behaviors. Lastly, economic conditions and financial constraints significantly impact access to sexual and reproductive health information, health literacy, utilization of services, and choices related to women's sexual and reproductive health. Conclusion: Designing educational programs and developing sexual and reproductive health policies with consideration of socio-cultural contexts can help reduce cultural taboos, enhance the effectiveness of interventions, and improve sexual and reproductive health in society.