The Role of Geothermal Plants in the Global Energy Transition: Raw Material Extraction and Flexibility as Game Changers

Advances in geothermal technology and the global capacity for geothermal power and heat are growing, yet its role in the transition to sustainable energy systems remains notably underexplored. In this review, we find that many existing energy system models rely on simplified techniques that fail to adequately address the complexities of exploration uncertainties and nonlinear drilling costs. We synthesize key data sources and identify good modeling practices for geothermal plants, examining fixed versus variable drilling depths, as well as detailed cost functions. Important factors such as lifecycle environmental and social impacts are often overlooked. In addition, innovations such as raw material extraction, the flexibility of geothermal plants in load-following operation, and the potential for technological learning through policy support are identified as key game changers that could enhance the role of geothermal energy in future systems.