REDD1/DDIT4 counteracts endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis by controlling the expression of death receptor TRAILR2/DR5 in cancer cells

Regulated in development and DNA damage response-1 (REDD1/DDIT4) is induced in response to environmental stress to restrain the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling as an adaptive strategy to restore cellular homeostasis. Interestingly, REDD1/DDIT4 expression is upregulated in several tumour types including colorectal cancer, suggesting it may have a role in tumourigenesis. Here, we report that activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4)-dependent REDD1/DDIT4 expression is required for survival of colon tumour cells undergoing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress through the modulation of TRAILR2/DR5 gene expression. Our findings further demonstrate that resistance to ER stress-induced apoptosis in multicellular tumour spheroids (MCTS) is associated with constitutive expression of REDD1/DDIT4 and diminished mTORC1 activity. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletion of REDD1/DDIT4 markedly increases TRAILR2/DR5 expression and enhances apoptosis in spheroids exposed to ER stress. Interestingly, RNA sequencing analysis reveals that the loss of the transcriptional regulator MECOM/EVI-1, a partner of the corepressor protein C-terminal Binding Protein (CtBP), in cells deficient in REDD1/DDIT4 amplifies the ER stress-induced upregulation of TRAILR2/DR5, leading to enhanced apoptosis. In summary, our findings underscore the crucial role of REDD1/DDIT4 in regulating TRAILR2/DR5-induced caspase-8 activation and apoptosis under chronic ER stress, by inhibiting mTORC1 activity and promoting MECOM/EVI-1-mediated suppression of TRAILR2/DR5 gene expression.