The type 1 diabetes candidate genes PTPN2 and BACH2 regulate novel IFN-α-induced crosstalk between the JAK/STAT and MAPKs pathways in human beta cells

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease that leads to the progressive loss of pancreatic beta cells. Interferons (IFNs) contribute to the initiation and amplification of beta cell autoimmunity. STAT1 is the main mediator of IFN signalling but little is known on its complex activation processes and role in the progression of beta cell failure. We presently show that two T1D candidate genes (i.e. PTPN2 and BACH2 ) modulate STAT1 activation via two different pathways, namely the JAK/STAT, involved in the short-term phosphorylation of its tyrosine residue (Y701), and the MAPKs pathway, involved in the long-term phosphorylation of its serine residue (S727). Each STAT1 phosphorylation type can independently induce expression of the chemokine CXCL10 , but both residues are necessary for the expression of MHC class I molecules. IFN-α-induced STAT1 activation is dynamic and residue-dependent, being STAT1-Y701 fast (detectable after 4h) but transitory (back to basal by 24h) while STAT1-S727 increases slowly (peak at 48h) and is associated with the long-term effects of IFN-α exposure. These pathways can be chemically dissociated in human beta cells by the use of JAK1/2, TYK2 or JNK1 inhibitors. The present findings provide a novel understanding of the dynamics of STAT1 activation and will be useful to develop novel and hopefully targeted (i.e. favouring individuals with particular polymorphisms) therapies for T1D and other autoimmune diseases.