Morphological, Anatomical, and Phytochemical Evaluation of Cissusquadrangularis I, Cissus quadrangularis II, Cissus rotundifoila and Cissus cactiformis

These Medicinal plants collected from Tamil Nadu have very distinct and tedious external morphological features which could lead to chaos. To validate its taxonomy, anatomical structures, and phytochemical components are evaluated. Cissus rotundifolia, Cissus quadrangularis, and Cissus cactiformis are some of the abundantly available but less researched medicinal plants in Tamil Nadu, India. Numerous studies have been performed worldwide to describe the anatomical characteristics of the stem of the Cissus species. The selected Cissus species are from belong to the Vitaceae family and exhibit four distinct morphological variants. These variants differ significantly in their morphological and anatomical characteristics. According to the results of an external feature study, the stem of Cissus quadrangularis I is dark green in colour with quadrangular sides. Cissus quadrangularis II has a pale green stem with triangular, flat edges. The dark green stem of Cissus cactiformis features quadrangular sides with a serrated edge. These three Cissus variations are stem-type variations, and their stems differ noticeably in appearance. Cissus rotundifoila , on the other hand, is a leaf-type variation. The microscope features analysis revealed a distinct difference in these plant varieties, such as vascular bundles, a layer of parenchymatous, collenchymatous, sclerenchymatous, phloem cells, and xylem vessel rows evident under the microscope feature of the transfer section. These features exhibit notable variations in each variant. The identification of four Cissus variations is made easier by this microscopic and exterior investigation. Additionally, the results of the GCMS analysis revealed the various new phytochemical elements. In conclusion, the four Cissus species under study have unique morphological features and phytochemical contents, and their conflict has unique medicinal qualities that are verified to identify the phytochemical investigations.