Armed Conflict and Depression: a comparative longitudinal study in two Colombian populations

Background depressive disorders rank among the most prevalent diseases globally and are the 13th leading cause of years lost due to disability. Exposure to violence, particularly in areas affected by armed conflict, is a significant risk factor for depression. This study examines the prevalence of depressive symptoms in two populations: San Félix (exposed) and San José (non-exposed), across three key periods: before, during, and after the Colombian peace agreement. Methods this longitudinal study utilized repeated measures in independent groups. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Zung and Conde scale in 2004, 2018, and 2020. Univariate and bivariate analyses described population characteristics, while repeated measures ANOVA evaluated differences in depressive symptoms across years and localities. Results in 2004, the prevalence of depressive symptoms was 29.8% in San Félix and 23.2% in San José. By 2018, these figures decreased to 17.8% and 14.0%, respectively (p < 0.05). However, by 2020, prevalence increased to 28.4% in San Félix and 15.8% in San José (p = 0.004). A significant association between female sex and depressive symptoms was noted (p = 0.012). Repeated measures analysis indicated statistically significant differences across localities (p = 0.0092), survey years (p = 0.000), and their interaction (p = 0.0002). Conclusions this study highlights the association between armed conflict exposure and increased depressive symptoms, with notable prevalence in women. These findings emphasize the need for targeted mental health interventions and support strategies to effectively address the challenges faced by all affected populations in conflict-affected regions.