Nesting site selection of the Asian Openbill (Anastomus oscitans) on isolated island and their movement to nearby foraging areas

Background This study examines the nesting and foraging ecology of the Asian Openbill ( Anastomus oscitans ) in Perak, Malaysia, focusing on Pulau Bangau and nearby rice fields. Pulau Bangau, located within the Perak River, emerged as an ideal nesting site due to its isolation, availability of large nesting trees such as berembang or Sonneratia caseolaris , and proximity to extensive rice fields serving as primary foraging grounds. Methods Fieldwork conducted from September 2022 to February 2023 documented nesting site preferences and foraging activities through visual observations, photographic documentation, and drone imagery. Results The findings reveal that proximity to water bodies, abundant food sources, and minimal disturbances are critical factors influencing nest site selection, consistent with patterns observed in other regions. Observations in nearby rice fields recorded significant stork activity, emphasizing the importance of agricultural landscapes in supporting the species. Ulu Dedap Blocks B and D were identified as key foraging areas, with the highest stork counts and observation frequencies. The study underscores the interdependence between nesting and foraging habitats, highlighting the energy efficiency and reproductive success associated with close habitat connectivity. However, reliance on agricultural landscapes poses challenges, including habitat degradation and food availability disruptions due to land-use changes. Conclusion These findings have important conservation implications, advocating for the protection of Pulau Bangau and sustainable management of rice fields. Integrating biodiversity-friendly practices in agriculture and preserving mature trees are critical for safeguarding the species' habitats and ensuring its long-term viability in Malaysia.