Blood feeding patterns of malaria mosquitoes collected using pit shelters and clay pots in the West Gojjam Zone of Ethiopia

Background Understanding the feeding behaviours and infection rates of malaria-transmitting Anopheles species is essential for designing effective vector control strategies. Therefore, this study investigated the species composition, blood meal sources, and infection rates of Anopheles mosquitoes in the rural village of Dilamo, West Gojjam, Ethiopia. Methods Ten households were randomly selected in a malaria-endemic village. Two clay pots were placed under shade outside each house within a radius of 10 meters, one in front of the house and the other at the back. Two other clay pots were placed inside the same household. Ten pit shelters were built, one at a distance of 10 meters from each house, under shade. Mosquito sampling was done twice a month for four months. Anopheles mosquitoes were identified to species using morphological keys. The An. gambiae complex species were molecularly identified. Testing for blood meal sources and circumsporozoite proteins (CSPs) was conducted using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results A total of 319 female Anopheles mosquitoes were collected, including the species An. demilloni, An. gambiae complex, An. garnhami , An. pretoriensis , and An. cinereus . Among these, An. demilloni was the dominant species, comprising 90.9% of the collection (290/319). The An. gambiae complex represented only 4.4% of the total (14/319). Out of 89 freshly fed Anopheles mosquitoes, 77 (86.5%) were examined for the source of their blood meal. Of these, 74 (96%) tested positive for blood from cattle, humans, or both. The overall human blood meal index was 43% (95% CI: 31.1–55.3), while the bovine blood meal index was 6% (95% CI: 1.6–13.9). The prevalence of Anopheles mosquitoes feeding on humans and cattle (mixed feeding) was 57% (95% CI: 44.8–68.9). None of the Anopheles mosquitoes tested positive for Plasmodium falciparum or P. vivax -210 CSPs. Conclusion The human blood meal index reflects human exposure to mosquito bites. Future research could investigate whether mosquitoes, along with human behaviours and activities, prefer to bite humans indoors or outdoors.