Assessment of Vegetation and Soil Characteristics of Calligonum Leucocladum Populations in the Balkhash Region, Kazakhstan

Aims The study evaluates the ecological, soil, and geobotanical characteristics of three populations of Calligonum leucocladum in the Taukum and Saryesik-Atyrau sands of the Balkhash region, including the Malaysary population. Methods Geobotanical surveys were conducted to assess species composition, vegetation cover, and ecological conditions across three populations. Soil analyses were performed to measure humus content, pH, texture, and trace elements. NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) analysis from 2015 to 2024 was used to monitor vegetation dynamics. Results Geobotanical surveys revealed differences in species composition, protective vegetation cover, and ecological conditions across populations. Population 1 (Taukum sands) showed the lowest humus content (0–0.1%) and a sandy texture (68.22% fine sand), with significant vegetation degradation observed through NDVI analysis from 2015 to 2024. Population 2 (Saryesik-Atyrau sands, Bakanas) exhibited the highest humus levels (0.07–0.17%), sandy loam soils, and the most stable NDVI trends, suggesting favorable conditions for vegetation. Population 3 (Saryesik-Atyrau sands, Malaysary) had intermediate humus content (0–0.07%) and sandy soils (67.66% fine sand), with NDVI data indicating degradation similar to Population 1. All populations were found on strongly alkaline soils (pH 9.29–10.22), with cadmium concentrations exceeding permissible limits in Populations 2 and 3. Conclusions Geobotanical analysis highlighted the predominance of drought-resistant species, such as Calligonum aphyllum and C. leucocladum , which play a key role in stabilizing sandy ecosystems. However, habitat conditions vary significantly, emphasizing the need for targeted conservation strategies, especially for the relatively stable Population 2, to mitigate degradation and support ecosystem sustainability.