1D Hydrogen Engine Modeling to Investigate Air-FuelRatio, Spark Timing, and Water Injection Effects onPerformance and Emissions

This study presents a comprehensive 1D modeling and simulation of a hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine, focusingon the impacts of air-fuel ratio, spark timing, and water injection on performance and emissions. Using a single-cylinder BMWF650 GS engine as a baseline, simulations were conducted in Ricardo WAVE to evaluate engine behavior under varyingconditions. Results demonstrate that hydrogen fueling reduces CO emissions to negligible levels but increases NOx emissionsunder specific conditions due to elevated combustion temperatures. Water injection effectively mitigates NOx formation andenhances volumetric efficiency while slightly compromising power output at high hydrogen-to-water ratios. The findings highlighthydrogen’s potential as a sustainable fuel for internal combustion engines and underline the importance of optimizing operatingparameters to balance performance, efficiency, and emissions. This research contributes valuable insights into the developmentof cleaner, hydrogen-powered transportation solutions.