Assessment of Preoperative Multivitamin Use on the Impact on Micronutrient Deficiencies in Metabolic Bariatric Surgery Patients

Background Most patients achieve successful weight loss following metabolic bariatric surgery (MBS), but they face an increased risk of micronutrient deficiencies due to altered gastrointestinal physiology and dietary restrictions. This study evaluated the impact of a specialized multivitamin on blood serum levels before MBS. Methods A prospective, within-patient comparison trial was conducted between January and July 2023 at a large bariatric clinic. Differences in serum micronutrient levels between baseline and the three-month follow-up were assessed, along with changes in the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies. Results Of 120 patients recruited, 99 (82.5%) completed the three-month follow-up. Significant changes were observed in 14 of 22 serum parameters (63.6%). Eleven parameters, including iron, vitamin K1, zinc, CRP, hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV, calcium, folic acid, vitamin B1, and vitamin D, showed significant increases (p < 0.001). Conversely, magnesium, phosphate, and albumin levels significantly decreased (p < 0.001). Among 22 parameters, deficiencies were identified in 18 (81.8%), with prevalence rates ranging from 1.0% (copper) to 88.8% (vitamin D). After three months, significant reductions in deficiency prevalence were observed for iron, folic acid, and vitamin D. However, phosphate deficiency increased significantly, from 2.1% to 19.8% (p < 0.001). Conclusion Micronutrient deficiencies are prevalent in patients with obesity. Preoperative specialized multivitamin supplementation effectively reduces key deficiencies, particularly in iron, folic acid, and vitamin D. Future research should address residual deficiencies and evaluate long-term outcomes of prolonged supplementation.