Di-p-coumaroyl spermidine from bee pollen alleviates chronic non- bacterial prostatitis

Bee pollen and its extracts have been used for decades as therapeutic agents or health food supplements to alleviate chronic non-bacterial prostatitis (CNP). However, functional compounds in bee pollen on anti-CNP remain still unclear. In this study, we evaluated the anti-CNP properties of six principal phenolamides in bee pollen. Our results provide compelling evidence that the anti-CNP property of bee pollen may be ascribed to its abundance of phenolamides. Particularly, di- p -Coumaroyl spermidine can alleviate CNP by upregulating autophagy via the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway and regulating gut microbiota, based on the cellular and rat models. Additionally, our finding may provide a novel insight into the gut-prostate axis by regulating di- p -Coumaroyl spermidine. This is the first report that di- p -Coumaroyl spermidine in bee pollen possesses the anti-prostatitis function. This paper will be likely helpful further to develop functional foods, personalized nutraceuticals, and medicine from bee pollen.