Barriers to Effective Insecticide-Treated Nets (ITN) Usage in Rural Northern Nigeria: Behavioural and Gender Perspectives

Malaria remains a significant public health challenge in Nigeria, accounting for approximately 27% of malaria cases and 32% of malaria deaths worldwide. Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) are among the most effective and cost-efficient interventions for malaria prevention. They reduce the disease’s prevalence and mortality by offering a physical barrier and insecticidal protection against mosquitoes. Despite distributing Insecticide-Treated Nets (ITNs) as part of Nigeria’s malaria control strategies, utilization remains low in rural areas. This study focuses on rural populations and examines the behavioural factors influencing ITN usage in Sokoto, Kebbi, and Zamfara States. Using a mixed-methods approach, quantitative data were collected from 600 households (200 per state) via structured surveys, while qualitative insights were gathered through focus group discussions. Findings indicate that 72% of households own at least one ITN, but only 45% reported consistent usage. Key barriers to ITN adoption include misconceptions about malaria transmission (32%), discomfort due to heat (28%), and cultural beliefs (24%). Socioeconomic factors such as low income and limited education levels further hinder consistent ITN use. Qualitative findings reveal that women’s decision-making power significantly influences ITN utilization, while myths, such as ITNs causing infertility, discourage their use. The study concludes that improving ITN utilization in rural Nigeria requires addressing behavioural barriers through targeted community education, gender-sensitive interventions, and ensuring access to user-friendly nets