Alleviating effect on periodontal inflammation through anti-inflammatory and osteogenic differentiation induction of KGC19b in vitro and in vivo experimental model

Background Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer of the Araliaceae family have various biological activities and pharmacological actions such as anticancer, immunomodulation, and anti-inflammatory. In many studies on ginseng, studies on ginseng fruit are still new, and the effect and potential of ginseng fruit on periodontitis in HPDL cells have been investigated in vitro and in vivo. Methods The effects of KGC19b on a Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (Pg-LPS)-induced periodontitis model were assessed using cultured HPDL cells and an SD-rats model. HPDL cells were stimulated with Pg-LPS for 12 h and grouped into control, Pg-LPS, and Pg-LPS + KGC19b. Cell viability, pro-inflammatory markers, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and osteogenesis-related markers were evaluated. In the rat model, periodontitis was induced with ligature and Pg-LPS. KGC19b was administered orally for 6 days. Rats were divided into 6 groups (n = 6): control, ligature/Pg-LPS, ligature/Pg-LPS + KGC19b (each dose group). Effects of KGC19b were assessed through micro-CT analysis and H&E staining. Results KGC19b significantly reduced inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α) and pro-inflammatory mediators in HPDL cells stimulated with Pg-LPS. It also restored osteocalcin (ocn) and alkaline phosphatase (alp) levels, and enhanced antioxidant enzyme expression (SOD, CAT), reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the rat model, KGC19b alleviated periodontal inflammation and prevented bone mass loss. Conclusion In this study, KGC19b shows the possibility of improving and treating periodontitis through anti-inflammatory, osteogenesis, and antibacterial effects.