The use of haptic device made with educational robots and haptic interfaces in the development of computational thinking

The proposed approach focused on developing computational thinking, students' ability to generalize, and learning programming concepts. The study was directed towards integrating educational robots into lessons, student interaction with robotics kits, and understanding how control structures are executed. Students were able to visually associate theoretical knowledge with practical demonstrations and assimilate algorithmic concepts more easily. The results showed that students who built haptic devices using educational robots performed better, and their understanding of programming concepts was enhanced. Learning with robots improved technical skills and facilitated programming literacy. However, the students who implemented problem-solving in computer science, mathematics, physics, and chemistry achieved much higher performance, with results approaching perfection. These students obtained better learning outcomes. When comparing the performance of girls and boys, it was established that, when following the same curriculum, cognitive development was not different based on gender. Girls who built haptic devices using educational robots achieved higher performance. Because the use of the same type of robotic kit leads over time to a reduction in academic curiosity, it is recommended to alternate between different robotic kits (using different kits or combinations of various types) or even to stop using educational robots for a short period. The study confirmed that equipping pre-university educational institutions with smartlab equipment has increased the tasks for computer scientists. It is recommended to increase the number of computer scientists in schools to prepare smart labs, support teachers during lessons, and ensure the proper functioning of the equipment.