Hospital-Based Analysis of Early-Onset Diabetes in Ghana's Upper East Region: Prevalence, Complications, and Challenges

Diabetes mellitus is the most prevalent endocrine disorder in individuals under 30 years, encompassing type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), early-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), monogenic diabetes, and maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY). This study investigated the prevalence, diagnosis, types, and complications associated with early-onset diabetes in Ghana, utilizing hospital data from 52 patients under 30 years of age. Among them, 20 patients were under 20 years. T1DM was diagnosed in 15 patients, while only one case of T2DM was identified. Secondary diabetes with unknown etiologies was the most common diagnosis (22 cases), indicating the potential presence of undiagnosed monogenic diabetes or MODY. Reported complications included diabetic foot (5 cases), diabetic nephropathy (2 case), infections (4 cases), retinopathy (4 cases) and ketoacidosis (13 cases). While most patients recovered and were discharged, 3 deaths, 1 referral, and 1 absconded case were recorded. These findings highlight the importance of accurate diagnosis, targeted management strategies, and further research into secondary diabetes and its potential underlying causes in Ghana. The study underscores the need for improved diagnostic capabilities, awareness, and healthcare resources to address early-onset diabetes and its complications in the country.