Effects of Various Chemical Activation Agents on the Properties of Activated Carbon Derived from Waste Olive Stones
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In this study, six different activated carbons were synthesized from olive stones using various activating agents, including acidic (H 3 PO 4 , H 2 SO 4 ), basic (NaOH, KOH), and neutral (CaCl 2 , ZnCl 2 ) agents. These agents were used in a two-step pyrolysis process (carbonization-activation) to produce activated carbons. The activation process was carried out with a 1:1 impregnation ratio, 2-hour activation time, and 750°C activation temperature under an inert atmosphere. The effects of the activating agents on the properties of the activated carbons were analyzed using product yield (%), pHpzc, Ftır spectra, elemental analysis, N 2 adsorption, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The results of the analysis showed that the properties of the activated carbons depended on the classification of the activating agent used. The pH pzc , surface area, and pore volume of the activated carbons were found to be higher for acidic and neutral activating agents compared to basic activating agents. The highest BET surface area was achieved with H 2 SO 4 activation at 532.34 m 2 /g, and the highest pore volume values were obtained with H 2 SO 4 and CaCl 2 activations at 0.97 cm 3 /g. The findings indicated that the chemical composition of the activating agents is more important than their classification in influencing the properties of activated carbons.
