Developing New Energy Intake Reference Values for the Saudi Population

Background: This study updates the average requirement for energy intake (AR-EI) for the Saudi population, thereby addressing outdated references. Previous estimates relied on generalized equations and non-specific data, which often led to overestimations. This study aimed to provide accurate, population-specific energy intake benchmarks that reflect Saudi demographic and physiological characteristics. Methods: A mixed methodology integrating the doubly labeled water (DLW) method and a factorial approach was used. Saudi-specific growth charts, anthropometric data, and predictive equations, such as the Almajwal–Abulmeaty equation, were employed to enhance accuracy. The AR-EI values were calculated across different age groups, sexes, and activity levels. The inputs included height, weight, and physical activity levels to ensure precision in energy requirement estimations. Results: The AR-EI values ranged from 393 kcal/day during the first six months to 778 kcal/day by 12 months for male infants, whereas female infants required 364–748 kcal/day. Caloric needs ranged from 912 to 3147 kcal/day among children and adolescents. For adults, the AR-EI was calculated to be 2270 and 1708 kcal/day for men and women, respectively, under normal activity levels. Increased physical activity increased these requirements to 3153 and 2440 kcal/day for men and women, respectively. Conclusions: This study identified significant overestimations in previous references owing to the reliance on generalized equations and outdated data. By incorporating Saudi-specific data, these findings provide accurate and practical benchmarks for energy intake. These results serve as a foundation for evidence-based nutritional guidelines, promoting public health and reducing the incidence of diet-related diseases. Future applications include dietary modeling, economic analyses, and food security assessments.