Fabrication of sustainable graphene composite for heterocyclization of anti-inflammatory and antibacterial derivatives

Herein we have synthesized 9-aryl-1,8-dioxo-octahydroxanthenes using a newly developed graphene composite through heterocyclization. Notably, derivatives with –Cl and –NO ₂ substitutions demonstrated significant inhibition of protein denaturation, suggesting strong anti-inflammatory activity. Furthermore, compounds with –H, –Cl, and –NO ₂ exhibited the largest zones of inhibition (ZOI) against both Gram-positive ( B. subtilis ) and Gram-negative ( E. coli ) bacterial strains, underscoring their potent antibacterial properties. These derivatives show promising anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities, with enhanced bioactivity observed at higher concentrations. Overall, our results indicate that these synthesized compounds have considerable potential for therapeutic applications in both anti-inflammatory and antibacterial treatments.