Analyzing Their Contribution to Water Demand, Quality, and Groundwater Sustainability of Private Water Wells in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

This study examines the role of private water wells in meeting the water demand, quality, and sustainability of groundwater resources in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. As the city faces rapid urbanization and a rising population, private wells have emerged as a crucial supplementary water source, particularly in areas where public water supply is inadequate. However, challenges such as insufficient regulation, groundwater over-extraction, and contamination pose significant risks to the long-term viability of these wells. Data were gathered from 449 private wells, with a detailed water quality analysis conducted on 21 of them, focusing on parameters like turbidity, p ^H , nitrate, and fluoride levels. The findings indicate considerable variability in water quality; some wells exceeded safe limits for turbidity and nitrates, while others met acceptable standards for key indicators. Furthermore, groundwater extraction from private wells addresses only a small portion of the city's overall water demand. Compounding issues such as well interference, inefficient water usage, and declining water tables further complicate the situation. The study underscores the urgent need for enhanced regulation, integrated groundwater management, and active community participation to promote sustainable groundwater use. It also recommends strategies for improved well placement, ongoing water quality monitoring, and necessary infrastructural investments to alleviate the adverse effects associated with private well usage. This research offers important insights into urban water management dynamics and highlights the significance of private wells in supporting water supply in rapidly developing cities like Addis Ababa.