Exploring the Role of Grinding Stones in Neolithic Economic Practices: Insights from the Xicaodun Site in Southeastern China

During the Neolithic period, ground stone tools were essential for both social production and daily life, serving as one of the most significant indicators of prehistoric human activities. Among these tools, grinding stones are particularly noteworthy, facilitating the production of other ground stone artifacts. Based on the ground stone tools unearthed from a Liangzhu culture site at Xicaodun, this study employs a combination of hierarchical dynamic typology, design theory, use-wear analysis, and microeconomic concept to provide a comprehensive understanding of the ground stone artifacts. The study further explores the design and use strategies of grinding stones to reveal the underlying economic practice. The findings suggest that the Xicaodun site may have functioned as a specialized workshop for the production of ground stone tools. Moreover, the design and use patterns of the grinding stones reflect a strategic effort to optimize material use for the continued operation of the workshop.