Genomic characterization of Burkholderia glumae K6 and B. gladioli UPMBG7: causal agents of bacterial panicle blight in Malaysia

Bacterial panicle blight (BPB), caused by Burkholderia glumae and B. gladioli , is a major threat to rice in Malaysia, with potential yield losses up to 75%. In June 2021, BPB symptoms were detected in Kedah rice fields. Isolates were identified through phenotypic traits, pathogenicity tests, and molecular analysis (16S rRNA and gyrB sequencing). Whole-genome sequencing of B. glumae K6 and B. gladioli UPMBG7 was performed using the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform. The assembled draft genome of B. glumae K6 contained 210 contigs, with a total genome size of 6.57 Mbp, 68.33% G + C content, and 5,641 coding sequences (CDS). It harbored toxoflavin biosynthesis genes ( toxABCDE , toxJ ) and a Type III secretion system (T3SS), contributing to its pathogenicity. B. gladioli UPMBG7 contained 124 contigs, with a total genome size of 8.22 Mbp, G + C content of 67.99, and 7,022 coding proteins. B. gladioli lacked the toxI gene for toxoflavin production but compensated with pyoverdine siderophore genes ( pvdA ), which facilitate iron acquisition. These findings highlight divergent infection mechanisms, with B. glumae relying on toxoflavin-mediated virulence and B. gladioli on resource competition. The genomic insights support the development of resistant rice cultivars, biological controls, and molecular diagnostics to improve BPB management in Malaysia.