Exploration of Geothermal Potential in Mbeya Region by Using Remotely Sensed Data

Amid a global push for sustainable energy solutions, Tanzania is emerging as a frontrunner in exploring renewable energy resources. The nation's strong commitment to combating climate change has driven extensive research into renewable energy alternatives sources such as geothermal, solar, and wind energy. Traditionally dependent on hydropower, Tanzania's energy sector has faced disruptions due to decreasing water levels and technical difficulties with hydropower plants. Geothermal energy, however, has emerged as a promising alternative. While conventional geological methods for detecting geothermal zones are known for their accuracy, they come with substantial costs. Integrating these methods with remotely sensed data has led to significant improvements in efficiency and precision. In response to the challenges the government of Tanzania has launched ambitious plans to advance geothermal exploration and extraction by establishing Tanzania Geothermal Development Company (TGDC) in 2014. This study employs advanced Geographical Information System (GIS) tools and remotely sensed data to identify geothermal potential zones in Mbeya, Rungwe, and Kyela districts. The methodology includes spatial analysis, by generating flow direction maps with major and minor faults, then overlaying hot springs to create a geological suitability factor. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) threshold method was used to generate thermal elements. Additionally, the Random Forest method was then applied to create a land cover suitability map. Thereafter classifying regions into three primary categories: most suitable, moderately suitable, and least suitable. The study’s results were compared with existing field survey data to validate the effectiveness of the GIS based approach. To ensure high reliability, this research proposes validating remotely detected potential zones using various models, aiming for a confidence level of at least 95%. These efforts lay the foundation for unlocking Tanzania's geothermal potential, paving the way for a transformative shift towards sustainable energy leadership both within Africa and globally.